![]() Furthermore, heat and mass transfer in the nasal cavity was reduced, which influences the perception of nasal patency. The results demonstrated that a respirator caused excessive CO 2 inhalation by approximately 7 × greater per breath compared with normal breathing. The species transport method was used to analyze the airflow, temperature, carbon dioxide (CO 2), moisture content (H 2O), and temperature distribution within the nasal cavity with and without an N95 respirator during eight consecutive respiration cycles with a tidal volume of 500 ml. The nasal geometry was reconstructed from high-resolution Computed Tomography scans of a healthy 25-year-old female subject. To achieve the objective of this study, transient computational fluid dynamics simulations have been utilized. This study aims to investigate the nasal airflow dynamics during respiration with and without an N95 respirator driven by airflow through the nasal cavity to assess the effect of the respirator on breathing conditions during respiration. The respirators act as a barrier to the inhaled and exhaled air, which may change the nasal airflow characteristics and air-conditioning function of the nose. Face masks and respirators are used to filter inhaled air, which may contain airborne droplets and high particulate matter (PM) concentrations.
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